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Foreign direct investment reviews 2025: A global perspective

What's inside

Understanding the ever-evolving global FDI landscape is crucial amid growing regulatory complexities in cross-border transactions and increased geopolitical tensions.

Introduction

Now a full decade in publication, White & Case's 2025 Foreign Direct Investment Reviews continues to provide a comprehensive look at foreign direct investment (FDI) laws and regulations across various countries and regions worldwide.

In this edition, we continue to offer key datapoints that can help inform parties and their advisors as they evaluate the new set of challenges presented by FDI screening requirements in cross-border transactions that span multiple countries.

FDI screening is continuously evolving, in fact, maturing. It is imperative to stay on top of the FDI requirements as transactions—be it mergers and acquisitions, investments, public equity offerings, or financial restructurings—are negotiated. Understanding the challenges, the potential remedies that could be required for approval and the proper allocation of FDI risk are key ingredients in avoiding unpleasant surprises related to timing, certainty and business plan execution.

With a new administration in the United States, a renewed US commitment to open foreign investment from allied countries, increased EU FDI cooperation, and the new geo-political lines and balances that are being drawn, the dynamics around FDI screening will be a driving consideration in the selection of investors in cross-border transactions. We continue to believe that most cross-border transactions will be successfully consummated in 2025, but understanding the evolving risks around FDI considerations will be critical.

Americas

Canada

The Canadian government continues to scrutinize foreign investments by state-owned enterprises and state-linked private investors, especially if from "non-likeminded" countries.

canada fdi 2022

Mexico

Foreign direct investments, whether undertaken directly or indirectly, are generally allowed without restrictions or without the need to obtain prior authorization from an administrative agency.

mexico fdi 2022

United States

In the US, most FDI deals are approved without mitigation, but the landscape is evolving based on a combination of expanded jurisdiction and authorities, mandatory filings applying in certain cases, enhanced focus on a broad array of national security considerations, increased rates of mitigation, further attention to monitoring, compliance and enforcement, and a substantially increased pursuit of non-notified transactions.

United States of America

EMEA

European Union

The European Commission continues to be a driver of FDI screening across the EU, with Member States now moving toward coordinated enforcement.

european union fdi 2022

Austria

The wide scope, low trigger thresholds and extensive interpretation of the Austrian FDI regime require a thorough assessment and proactive planning of the M&A process.

austria fdi 2022

Belgium

The Belgian FDI screening regime entered into force in July 2023. Investors and authorities alike are still coming to grips with the regime and the limited guidelines that help parties navigate it.

Belgium

Bulgaria

In 2024, Bulgaria established an FDI screening mechanism. Foreign investors' obligation to file for investment clearance did not become effective in 2024, but this should change soon.

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

The Czech Foreign Investments Screening Act took effect in May 2021, establishing the rights and duties of foreign investors and setting screening requirements for Czech targets.

czech republic fdi 2022

Denmark

The scope of the Danish FDI regime is comprehensive, and requires a careful assessment of investments and agreements involving Danish companies.

Denmark

Estonia

Estonia's FDI screening mechanism closed its first effective year in 2024.

estonia fdi 2022

Finland

FDI deals are generally not blocked in Finland, but the government is able to monitor and, if necessary, restrict foreign investment.

10_finland_square_800x800_0.jpg

France

French FDI screening continues to focus on foreign investments involving medical and biotech activities, food security activities or the treatment, storage and transmission of sensitive data. The nuclear ecosystem is subject to very close scrutiny.

france fdi 2022

Germany

Following numerous amendments over the past years, Germany's FDI review continued in full swing in 2024, with further significant updates expected in the coming years.

Germany

Hungary

Hungarian FDI regulation stands as a rock amid global economic storms, although there were few major changes in 2024.

hungary fdi 2022

Ireland

Ireland's Screening of Third Country Transactions Act entered into force on January 6, 2025.

ireland fdi 2022

Italy

Italy's "Golden Power Law" review more tan ten years old and continuously expanding its reach.

Italy

Latvia

The law in Latvia provides for sectoral FDI regimes for specific corporate M&A, real estate dealings and gambling companies.

Latvia

Lithuania

All investments concerning national security are under the scope of review in Lithuania.

Lithuania

Luxembourg

The Luxembourg FDI screening regime is now a year old, and the first notification filings have been made.

Luxembourg

Malta

Malta's FDI regime regulates specific transactions that must be notified to the authorities and may potentially be subject to screening.

Malta

Middle East

The Middle East continues to welcome foreign investment, subject to licensing approvals and ownership thresholds for certain business sectors or in certain geographical zones.

Middle East

Netherlands

The Netherlands is set to expand its investment screening regime by extending the general mechanism to more sectors and by introducing additional sector-specific regulations.

Netherlands

Norway

Norway's foreign direct investment regime is in the process of being expanded, with more profound changes expected in the future.

Norway

Poland

After revision of the Polish FDI regime in 2024, the way the authorities are assessing transactions is evolving.

Poland

Portugal

In Portugal, transactions involving acquisition of control over strategic assets by entities residing outside the EU or the EEA may be subject to FDI screening.

Portugal

Romania

While far-reaching in its scope, compared to other EU countries, the Romanian FDI regime is generally perceived as investor-friendly.

Romania

Russian Federation

The year 2024 was not marked by any major changes in the sphere of regulation of foreign investments in Russia, and the regulator continues to implement the course taken earlier in 2023.

Russian Federation

Slovakia

After two years of foreign investment regulation in Slovakia, a supportive climate for foreign investments remains.

Slovakia

Slovenia

Slovenia's updated FDI regime now extends to branch offices and introduces new challenges for foreign investors navigating critical sectors.

Slovenia

Spain

Since 2020, certain foreign direct investments are subject to scrutiny in Spain and, since then, additional formalities have been introduced, specifically by a developing FDI regulation that entered into force on September 1, 2023. The FDI analysis is becoming increasingly crucial in the context of investments in Spain.

Spain

Sweden

In its second year of operation, the Swedish FDI Act has become a standard component of a large portion of all transactions involving Swedish companies.

Sweden

Switzerland

Apart from limited sector-specific regulations, there is currently no general FDI regime in Switzerland. An FDI Act is expected to come into force in 2026 at the earliest.

Switzerland

Türkiye

Strengthening Türkiye's position as a key investment hub remains a government priority.

Turkiye

United Arab Emirates

Foreign direct investment is permissible in the UAE, subject to applicable licensing and ownership conditions.

UAE

United Kingdom

FDI in the UK is covered by the National Security and Investment Act 2021, and in 2024 the government continued to update information and guidelines concerning the legislation.

UK

Asia-Pacific

Australia

Australia's FDI regimes underwent some modifications in 2024, designed to streamline the process of carrying out investments.

Australia

China

China continues to optimize its foreign investment environment by reducing investment restrictions, opening up market access and lowering investment thresholds into listed companies.

China

India

FDI continues to be an area of focus for the Indian government, which has announced plans to attract further foreign investment into the country.

India

Japan

The Japanese government expands business sectors subject to Japan's FDI regime to secure stable supply chains and mitigate the risk of technology leakage and diversion of commercial technologies into military use.

Japan

Republic of Korea

The Republic of Korea continues to welcome foreign investment, offering enhanced incentive packages and easing regulations while heightening scrutiny over transactions involving strategic industrial.

Korea

New Zealand

New Zealand has recently seen a period of stabilization of the overseas investment regime. However, following the formation of the coalition government at the end of 2023, this government has proposed significant changes to the overseas investment rules for 2025, making it easier for overseas investors to acquire New Zealand assets.

New Zealand

Taiwan

Taiwan continues to promote FDI under a two-track screening mechanism for foreign and PRC investors.

Taiwan
Russian Federation

Foreign direct investment reviews 2025: Russian Federation

The year 2024 was not marked by any major changes in the sphere of regulation of foreign investments in Russia, and the regulator continues to implement the course taken earlier in 2023.

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Established by the Russian government in 2008, the Government Commission on Control over Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation, headed by the chairman of the Russian government, is responsible for the review of FDI applications.

Although the final decision on the application is made by the Government Commission, all the preparatory work, such as receiving applications, reviewing their completeness and liaising with relevant government bodies to obtain opinions on the planned transactions, is done by the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS), which is also responsible for developing law enforcement practice in this area.

Summary of major changes in 2024

  • Russian laws on foreign investments were not substantially amended in 2024. FAS continues to implement amendments adopted earlier. The trend on invalidating transactions by foreign investors over Russian strategic companies and to freeze the respective stakes in such companies for the benefit of the Russian Federation continues.
  • Such cases are often in the defense and certain other sensitive spheres. It is noteworthy that FAS in such cases is increasingly developing a complex and comprehensive position regarding the establishment of control.
  • In a number of cases, control was established on the basis of a combination of circumstantial evidence, which included not only legal but also factual circumstances.

Who files?

The application for FDI approval is filed by the acquirer in a transaction resulting in acquisition of control over an entity engaged in activities of strategic importance to Russian national defense and security—a "strategic entity." The acquirer is required to obtain the consent of the Government Commission prior to the acquisition of control over a strategic entity, or the transaction is declared void.

If an acquirer is a foreign state-owned company, it must submit an application for approval with respect to an acquisition of any Russian company—not necessarily a strategic entity—if it obtains, directly or indirectly, a blocking stake in, or veto rights in relation to, such a company. These applications with respect to Russian companies not engaged in activities of strategic importance are generally subject to the simplified review by FAS only, unless the regulator invokes the right of the prime minister to decide that a full-scale FDI review by the Government Commission is required.

To apply for consent, the acquirer must submit an application to FAS with attachments including corporate charter documents of the acquirer and the target; information on their groups' structures, including the whole chain of control over both the acquirer and the target; transaction documents; and a business plan for the development of the target after closing. A table disclosing the acquirer's ultimate controlling entities, beneficiaries and beneficiary owners is also required.

Types of deals reviewed

The Government Commission reviews transactions that result in the acquisition of control over strategic entities. Foreign investors must also obtain the Government Commission's consent for certain transactions involving the acquisition of a strategic entity's property.

The list of activities of strategic importance comprises 51 activities that, if engaged in by the target, cause the target to be considered a strategic entity. The activities include not only those directly related to state defense and security—such as operations with nuclear materials, production of weapons and military machines—but also certain other indirectly related activities, such as TV and radio broadcasting over certain territories, fishing activities and publishing activities.

The criteria for determining control are broad and are lower (25 percent) for a target that is involved in the exploration of subsoil blocks of federal importance, such as oil fields with a certain size of reserves, uranium mines, and subsoil blocks subject to exploration within a defense and security zone, or in fishing activities.

Foreign public investors are prohibited from obtaining control over strategic entities or acquiring more than 25 percent of a strategic entity's property, and must obtain consent from the Government Commission for acquisitions of lower stakes in strategic entities, or acquisition of blocking rights with respect to activities of such entities.

Such investors, however, may acquire control—defined as 25 percent or more of shares—over a strategic entity involved in exploration of subsoil blocks of federal importance or engaged in fishing activities, if this does not change the existing control over such entities by the Russian Federation, where it has a stake in such entities exceeding 50 percent. These acquisitions must be specifically approved by the Government Commission.

Investors refusing to disclose information about their beneficiaries, beneficial owners and controlling persons to FAS are subject to a special, stricter regime established for foreign public investors. According to the rules for disclosing this information approved by the government, a foreign investor planning to enter into a transaction involving a strategic entity must make a prior disclosure of its controlling entities, beneficiaries and beneficial owners in order to avoid being treated as a non­disclosing investor, and to ensure that the stricter regime established for foreign public investors will not apply. The disclosure must be made either in the form of an application for approval, if approval is required, or in the form of an informational letter filed with FAS 30 days before the transaction.

The chairman of the government commission—the prime minister—has the right to decide that prior approval is required with respect to any transaction by any foreign investor with regard to any Russian company (not necessarily the strategic entity), if this is needed for the purpose of ensuring national defense and state security. The process is initiated by FAS, which obtains opinions from the Ministry of Defense, the Federal Security Service and other governing bodies whether or not the transaction needs to be sent to the chairman for his decision.

If at least one positive answer is received, FAS sends materials to the prime minister for review and adoption of the decision. Upon receipt of the positive decision, FAS will notify the foreign investor about the need to receive approval for a prospective transaction. Any transaction made in breach of this requirement is void.

The process is obligatory for transactions with targets participating in a national project, operating a city-forming enterprise, enjoying a dominant position in any market, or being the sole producer of products or services that are not under the control of a foreign investor, and so on. In practice, FAS also invokes this right if the target operates in certain sensitive spheres in the state's policies and the economy—in particular, operating certain critical technologies, such as genetic engineering, nanodevices, or cryobiology and biomaterial conservation.

Scope of the review

  • Generally, a review of the FDI application assesses the transaction's impact on state defense and security.
  • FAS initially requests opinions of the Ministry of Defense and the Federal Security Service as to whether the transaction poses any threat to Russian defense and security. Additionally, if the target has a license for dealing with information constituting state secrets, FAS requests information from the Interagency Committee for the State Secrecy Protection on the existence of an international treaty allowing a foreign investor to access information constituting state secrets.
  • Russian law does not provide any additional details on the review's scope or the criteria on which the transaction under review is assessed.

Review process timeline

The statutory period for reviewing the application is three months from the date of its acceptance for review. The Government Commission can extend the review period for an additional three months. In practice, the Commission uses this extension right for a large portion of applications pending review, and review timing fully depends on the availability of the Commission's members and the prime minister, so it may take longer than the statutory timing.

The law sets out a simplified procedure for review of transactions in which a target operates in certain civil sectors—such as the food industry, energy and water supply, and machinery—but due to specifics of production, has a small strategic asset accounting for not more than 1 percent of total assets of the company in the form of a water supply facility, a drainage facility or a production quality-control laboratory with a strategic license. This means it qualifies as a strategic entity.

For such types of transactions, the approval is generally issued by FAS itself, unless there are negative or no opinions on the deal received from the Ministry of Defense and the Federal Security Service, with subsequent notification of the Government Commission of the decision.

Approvals on applications by foreign state-owned companies filed under the simplified procedure are reviewed by FAS only and therefore are generally issued quite swiftly, unless FAS decides to invoke the right of the prime minister.

Most transactions submitted to the Government Commission for review are approved. That approval confirms the time period within which the acquisition must be completed. The acquirer can subsequently apply to the Government Commission with a substantiated request to extend this period, if necessary.

The Government Commission can approve the transaction subject to certain obligations imposed on the foreign investor. The law contains certain lists of obligations, which is not exhaustive; the Government Commission has a right to impose any type of obligation on the foreign investor. Those obligations may include the obligation to invest certain amounts of funds into activities of the strategic entity; or to process bioresources or natural resources extracted by the strategic entity on Russian territory, as well as to sell the strategic entity's products at fixed prices; the continued execution of investment programs; and to localize production of parts, components and accessories used by strategic entities in their production of goods.

How foreign investors can protect themselves

Early in a transaction, a foreign investor should analyze whether the target company qualifies as a strategic entity and whether the planned transaction triggers a requirement for the Government Commission's consent. It is also necessary to analyze whether such consent would be needed in case the acquirer is qualified as a non-disclosing investor. Answering these questions will allow the investor to start filing preparations, and then to file its application sufficiently in advance to manage the filing's impact on the timing of the transaction.

If the planned transaction does not require prior consent but consent would be needed if the acquirer is qualified as a non­disclosing investor, the acquirer must disclose to FAS information on the acquirer's beneficiaries, beneficial owners and controlling persons in advance, at least 30 days before the planned transaction.

Even if the target company does not qualify as a strategic entity, the investor should analyze whether it operates in the spheres for which invoking the right of the prime minister is mandatory, or in other potentially sensitive spheres, including those affected by sanctions or counter-sanctions, or possesses any critical technologies that may potentially trigger the referral of the transaction by FAS to the prime minister and result in a full-scale FDI review of the transaction.

Finally, a foreign public investor that intends to acquire a stake exceeding 25 percent of shares in any Russian company, or blocking rights with respect to such company, must obtain FAS clearance of such acquisitions.

Looking ahead: Likely developments in the next year

FAS has not announced the new major legislative changes in the sphere of foreign investments. However, it cannot be ruled out that it would quickly develop any changes required to address rising challenges in the specific circumstances.

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This article is prepared for the general information of interested persons. It is not, and does not attempt to be, comprehensive in nature. Due to the general nature of its content, it should not be regarded as legal advice.

© 2025 White & Case LLP

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